Bioelectromagnetic Responses of Cellular Systems

Abstract

Cellular bioelectromagnetics examines how defined electric and magnetic exposures influence cells. Studies have reported changes in intracellular calcium, redox balance, gene expression, proliferation and differentiation under selected conditions. The findings depend strongly on frequency, field strength, waveform, duration, cell identity and culture environment. This narrative review distinguishes static and extremely low frequency fields from radiofrequency exposure; summarizes proposed signaling pathways; and discusses experimental evidence from neuronal and bone-cell models. A two-study chart depicts exposure settings rather than comparing biological effect sizes. Cellular responses in vitro establish neither a universal mechanism nor a human health outcome. Reproducible dosimetry, sham exposure, temperature control and independent replication are essential for interpreting and translating results.