Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
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Abstract
Green synthesis uses biological materials and comparatively mild reaction media to prepare metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs). Plant extracts supply compounds that bind metal ions, guide nucleation and stabilize particle surfaces; microorganisms and biopolymers offer additional routes. This review examines ZnO, CuO, iron oxides and TiO₂, outlines synthesis and characterization, and assesses reported uses in water treatment and antimicrobial systems. A published ZnO case illustrates how changing extract quantity can alter photocatalytic kinetics. Although bio-based inputs may reduce reliance on harsh reagents, the environmental benefit depends on precursor chemistry, heating, washing, yield and nanoparticle release. Reproducible extract composition and full lifecycle testing remain necessary before large-scale claims can be made.
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References
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